Writing an Effective Paper

Introduction

The seasoned baker no longer pulls out the cookbook every time she wants to bake a cake. In fact, she might charge into the pantry looking for new and interesting ingredients, like chili powder for the chocolate icing. But there was a time when she followed the recipe step by step and by doing so learned exactly what happens when you leave out one ingredient or overdo another.

Below are the steps of the writing process: our “recipe” for good expository writing. As you read them, consider what might be entailed in each step. Imagine what you’ll be doing and why it could be useful in creating a successful final paper.

• Step 1: Prewriting and Choosing a Topic
• Step 2: Researching
• Step 3: Outlining
• Step 4: Drafting
• Step 5: Revising
• Step 6: Editing and Proofreading
• Step 7: Completing a Final Review

Organization

Academic writing—like many types of writing—is typically more effective when the writer’s ideas are presented logically. For the sake of clarity and cohesiveness, a logical plan should inform the paper’s organization from beginning to end at the global (big picture) and local (zoomed in) levels. The target audience is more likely to become engaged, and maintain their engagement, when the conversation is clearly organized and purposefully presented.

Organizational structure examples:

Graphic organizers

Web: Draw a circle in the middle of a page and write your thesis inside. In a series of circles around the thesis, fill in ideas for the introduction, the main point of each body paragraph, and the conclusion. Then number the circles appropriately.

Cluster or mind map: Begin with the topic in the center and map out a series of main ideas in connected ovals; continue to draw more ovals and cluster the details around each main idea.

Outlines

Traditional, formal outline: This organizational plan typically begins with a thesis statement and lays out your paper’s content in detail, using a standard outline format.

Working outline: This plan generally begins with a working thesis followed by an organized, but less formal, presentation of ideas. Strategic reorganization of the outline takes place as your paper develops.

Reverse outline: Outlining is done after a draft of the paper has been written. The writer extracts the main idea from each paragraph, determines what steps need to be taken to present the ideas logically, and reorganizes appropriately.

What can be done to construct a logical plan?

• Experiment with different organizational structures and choose one that works in harmony with your writing style, as well as the requirements of the assignment.
• Develop a well-organized thesis or working thesis—ideas that are clearly-presented in the thesis generally support clearly-presented ideas in the body of your paper.
• Treat the paper as a living document. Systematically re-evaluate the success, or failure, of the organizational plan and reorganize as needed to keep the paper “breathing.”

Establishing a Strong Claim

Strong academic writing takes a definitive stance on the topic it is covering. Rather than simply reporting details, academic writing uses details to try to prove a point. This point is often called your “thesis statement,” a sentence that expresses your point of view on the topic, which you will support with evidence and research. The key element of a thesis statement is that it is not a fact: it is a claim, something that you have to use evidence to prove. Your thesis is the backbone of your paper, and every fact and idea you add to your paper will support it.

At the dinner party, your friend will give reason after reason why crotchety Dr. Cassidy is actually the superior professor, supporting each reason, we hope, with facts he can back up. By the end of the evening, you may go home with a new respect for Dr. Cassidy’s body of scientific research, his ability to make students strive much harder than they do in Dr. Ellis’s classes, and his consistent grading policies. If so, your friend will have changed your mind. And it all began with his provocative statement: his thesis.

Elements of a Strong Thesis Statement

Focus

You’re going to need to make your case within the scope of one paper, so the focus should be narrow enough for you to be able to cover the topic thoroughly. If you’re writing a three-page history paper about the Vietnam War, don’t set out to prove an enormous claim about the entire conflict. Pick a sub-sub-topic you are interested in, like guerrilla warfare in tropical climates or the use of military helicopters in rescue missions, and focus your thesis statement on what you can prove about that smaller chunk.

Specificity

You want the reader to be drawn in immediately to the heart of the argument. That means naming names — for example, not “One theme in Hamlet, is vengeance…,” but “In Hamlet, Fortinbras, Laertes, and Hamlet all seek to avenge their fathers…”

The “So What?” Factor

Good writing makes readers care about the topic. When you set out to write and prove your thesis statement, don’t simply have the goal of saying, “This is my claim and here’s evidence to support it.” You’ll want your writing to boil down to, “This is my claim, here’s why it matters, and here’s evidence to support it.”

Crafting Your Thesis

There is more than one way to write a thesis statement for an academic paper. The most important element is that you are making an original claim and then using facts and evidence to support it. However, there are many ways to express your claim. All of these ways engage with the currently existing body of academic writing, but add something new: your ideas, framed as a claim based on evidence.

Tension

One technique for writing a thesis statement is arguing against an existing view. Think of the construction as, “While ____, actually ____.” Your guiding thread through the paper will be to convince those who think the first thing that the second thing is actually true.

Here are two examples of thesis statements with embedded tension:

While organizations like the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan may pose a real danger to individuals and the fabric of an integrated society, the tenets of democracy demand that their right to free speech be protected by the American Civil Liberties Union.

While the American Civil Liberties Union has a responsibility to protect free speech, this responsibility is based on preserving democracy and should therefore not be extended to hate groups like the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan, groups which have as their aim the segregation and division of society.

Whichever side of the issue is taken, you can see that there is inherent tension because of the “While ___, actually ___” construction.

Refining

Another way to introduce a defensible thesis statement is to refine an already existing idea: take a generally accepted conclusion and stretch it further. There are as many opinions as there are people in the world, and it can be useful to use someone else’s idea as a foundation for your own. However, remember that good theses are based on original opinions. Avoid parroting someone else’s; rather, reference and build upon it.

Analyzing

Thesis statements can be used to provide your own original analysis of something, whether it is a historical event, a piece of literature, or a scientific phenomenon. A thesis statement can be a hypothesis, which you set out to prove through evidence. It can be a connection that nobody has ever thought of before. The key element here is that you are looking at already existing facts and opinions, and then putting them together to prove your idea.

Addressing Counter-Arguments

Once you have a thesis statement, you’ll want to gather evidence both for and against the statement. You might even want to create, as was done above, a thesis statement that is the opposite of yours and look for research proving both of them. (This is a debating technique that allows the debater to skillfully parry any counter-argument.) Including counter-arguments in your paper is a technique we’ll discuss in the drafting section. For now, be sure to collect information on both sides of your thesis.

Make a list of the strongest arguments for and against your thesis statement. You’re not thinking so much in terms of numbers here but rather strength. If you can’t make several strong points, you may want to re-work the thesis.

Creating a thesis and researching go together. One process informs the other, and you will often need to go back and forth several times to create a solid thesis that can be backed by research. Just keep following your interests, your curiosity, and the process will stay enjoyable.

Summary

To assess the effectiveness of your essay, you can ask yourself the following questions:

• Does the thesis introduce and give context for the discussion that follows?
• Do any ideas lack a foundation that needs to be addressed earlier in the paper?
• Does every claim have the evidence necessary to support it?
• Have you weeded out extraneous evidence?
• Do you want to lead with your strongest claim, or do you want to save it for the end of your paper so you can finish on a strong note?
• Where do you need to make claims explicit, and where will your audience understand them even if they are only implied?
• Where do you want to address your opposition? Does it make more sense to do it early on to preempt audience objections, or would you be better off building up your argument before addressing any counter-arguments?

Sources:

“Overview of the Process of Writing a Paper.” By Lumen Learning. Retrieved from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-writing/chapter/overview-of-the-process-of-writing-a-paper/ Licensed under: CC-BY-SA