Introduction

One of the most common things you’ll do in your academic career is analyze. Analysis is a process of examination, excavation, and discovery. When you analyze a work of literature, often you will practice an important skill called close reading. Close reading involves studying the choices an author makes in a specific text. By studying these choices and understanding why they were made (as opposed to other choices), you will not only learn a lot about a work of literature … you’ll appreciate and enjoy it more, too.

What exactly should you consider when you’re analyzing short fiction? First, you must remember the parameters of the form. Short fiction is usually more limited in scope than a novel. A short story might behave more like a character study; frequently, only a single event is depicted, though this event might be considered in great, great detail.

Once you’ve decided what event the author is focusing on, you can begin to look at how the other literary elements support or speak to that event. Who are the characters? What is the setting? Is there a narrator who is influencing the telling of the story? What themes seem to emerge—and through what stylistic choices? Paying attention—close attention—to all these elements will lead you toward a successful analysis of short fiction.

Analyzing Prose Fiction

How to Analyze a Short Story

A short story is a work of short, narrative prose that is usually centered around one single event. It is limited in scope and has an introduction, body and conclusion. Although a short story has much in common with a novel (See How to Analyze a Novel), it is written with much greater precision. You will often be asked to write a literary analysis. An analysis of a short story requires basic knowledge of literary elements.

Setting

Setting is a description of where and when the story takes place. In a short story there are fewer settings compared to a novel. The time is more limited. Ask yourself the following questions:

• How is the setting created? Consider geography, weather, time of day, social conditions, etc.
• What role does setting play in the story? Is it an important part of the plot or theme? Or is it just a backdrop against which the action takes place?
• Study the time period, which is also part of the setting, and ask yourself the following:
• When was the story written?
• Does it take place in the present, the past, or the future?
• How does the time period affect the language, atmosphere or social circumstances of the short story?

Characterization

Characterization deals with how the characters in the story are described. In short stories there are usually fewer characters compared to a novel. They usually focus on one central character or protagonist. Ask yourself the following:

• Who is the main character?
• Are the main character and other characters described through dialogue – by the way they speak (dialect or slang for instance)?
• Has the author described the characters by physical appearance, thoughts and feelings, and interaction (the way they act towards others)?
• Are they static/flat characters who do not change?
• Are they dynamic/round characters who DO change?
• What type of characters are they? What qualities stand out? Are they stereotypes?
• Are the characters believable?

Plot and structure

The plot is the main sequence of events that make up the story. In short stories the plot is usually centered around one experience or significant moment. Consider the following questions:

• What is the most important event?
• How is the plot structured? Is it linear, chronological or does it move around?
• Is the plot believable?

Narrator and Point of view

The narrator is the person telling the story. Consider this question: Are the narrator and the main character the same?
By point of view we mean from whose eyes the story is being told. Short stories tend to be told through one character’s point of view. The following are important questions to consider:

• Who is the narrator or speaker in the story?
• Does the author speak through the main character?
• Is the story written in the first person “I” point of view?
• Is the story written in a detached third person “he/she” point of view?
• Is there an “all-knowing” third person who can reveal what all the characters are thinking and doing at all times and in all places?

Conflict

Conflict or tension is usually the heart of the short story and is related to the main character. In a short story there is usually one main struggle.

• How would you describe the main conflict?
• Is it an internal conflict within the character?
• Is it an external conflict caused by the surroundings or environment the main character finds himself/herself in?

Climax

The climax is the point of greatest tension or intensity in the short story. It can also be the point where events take a major turn as the story races towards its conclusion. Ask yourself:

• Is there a turning point in the story?
• When does the climax take place?
• Theme
• The theme is the main idea, lesson, or message in the short story. It may be an abstract idea about the human condition, society, or life. Ask yourself:
• How is the theme expressed?
• Are any elements repeated and therefore suggest a theme?
• Is there more than one theme?

Style

The author’s style has to do with the his or her vocabulary, use of imagery, tone, or the feeling of the story. It has to do with the author’s attitude toward the subject. In some short stories the tone can be ironic, humorous, cold, or dramatic.

• Is the author’s language full of figurative language?
• What images are used?
• Does the author use a lot of symbolism? Metaphors (comparisons that do not use “as” or “like”) or similes (comparisons that use “as” or “like”)?

Your literary analysis of a short story will often be in the form of an essay where you may be asked to give your opinions of the short story at the end. Choose the elements that made the greatest impression on you. Point out which character/characters you liked best or least and always support your arguments.

Introduction to Literature. Licensed under CC BY SA 4.0 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-introliterature/chapter/how-to-analyze-a-short-story/

Summary

Don’t be overwhelmed by analysis. Like analyzing a poem, analyzing a short story will lead you to a greater understanding and appreciation of the text. That understanding and appreciation comes from being cognizant of the authorial choices that influences the meaning you take away from the short story.

Remember: a short story is not a novel. Therefore, your analysis might be focused on fewer literary elements. For instance, a writer may focus largely on developing his or her main character—that is, fleshing that character out and introducing the reader to all that character’s thoughts and nuances; that same writer, however, may downplay the story’s setting. Perhaps, you would discover, setting is not crucial to understanding the dilemma that character finds him- or herself in.

When you analyze a short story, do pay close attention to the elements of literature a writer seems most invested in. Don’t be afraid to read a story multiple times. That’s the foundation of close reading—a thorough investigation into a text. The more deeply you engage with a text, the more wholly you will understand its meaning. And understanding its meaning will invariably lead you to a greater appreciation of the writer’s artistic choices, the stylistic decisions involving diction, sentence structure, and figurative language that shape their singular authorial voice.